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BACKGROUND To assess the effectiveness of the cholera prevention activities of the Peruvian Ministry of Health, we conducted a knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) survey in urban and rural Amazon communities during the cholera epidemic in 1991. METHODS We surveyed heads of 67 urban and 61 rural households to determine diarrhoea rates, sources of cholera prevention information, and knowl...

Lack of education causes and is caused by poverty. In urban areas, it adds to the vulnerability of the poor, resulting in inaccessible schools and irrelevant curricula. Building urban communities and harnessing social capital can create an environment where the poor will have greater opportunities for making decisions that influence their lives. Empowered communities are better able to engage i...

This paper measures education inequality between the coastal and inland provinces and compares it with rural-urban educational inequality in China using Gini education coefficients and decomposition analysis. The main finding of the paper is that disparities in access to education between rural and urban areas rather than between coastal and inland provinces are the major cause of educational i...

Education is pivotal for the existence of humans. Education is used to develop minds in a myriad of ways for an individual to excel in critical thinking and fundamental learning. In America, education is a valuable resource for one’s social, economic and mental standing in society. About 86% of Americans now receive college degrees, compared to the 25% in 1927 (Pew Research Center, 2011). But e...

Admiration for environment in general needs to be profoundly rooted in an understanding of History. Urban history is unique not only in the fact that it reflects climate but also in that it cuts across many different fields. In most schools of urban studies many aspects of science and technology are taught with relation to design in order to attain skills for practice. During a student’s later ...

1. Descriptive Analysis This study uses a subset of NELS students enrolled in urban schools. The primary reason why we focus on students at urban schools is that most private schools are located in those areas. 65.3 percent of 1,441 NELS individuals enrolled in private schools are present in municipal areas. 1 80.8 percent of Catholic school students reside in urban places. 2 Moreover, private ...

The Chinese household registration system (hukou) may be the most important determinant of differential privilege in state socialist China. Urban registrants are entitled to the best jobs, education, housing, and health care -all of which are unavailable to those with rural registration. Thus, transforming one’s hukou status from rural to urban is a central aspect of upward mobility. But given ...

Despite the growing burden of chronic disease globally, few studies have examined the socioeconomic patterning of risk across countries. The authors examined differences in the social patterning of body mass index (BMI) and current smoking by urbanicity among 70 countries from the 2002–2003 World Health Surveys. Age-adjusted, gender-stratified ordinary least squares and logistic regression anal...