Most information retrieval systems, including Web search engines, use similarity ranking algorithms based on a vector space model to find relevant information in response to a user’s request. However, the retrieved information is frequently irrelevant, because most of the current information systems employ index terms or other techniques that are variants of term frequency. In this paper, we pr...

What explains the truth of a universal generalization? Two types explanation can be distinguished. While an ‘instance-based explanation’ proceeds via some or all instances generalization, ‘generic is independent instances, relying instead on completely general facts about properties operations involved in generalization. This intuitive distinction analyzed by means truthmaker semantics, which a...

one of the important discussions in the science of principles of jurisprudence is generalization and restriction. implication of generality from proper nouns and sentences is through premises of wisdom. there are different viewpoints about generic nouns in terms of conventionality of their reference to generality or their being based . on premises of wisdom, like proper nouns and sentences. pre...

A simple, efficient, and high yielding one-pot protocol has been developed for the synthesis of 4H-benzo[b]pyrans scaffolds installing a three-component tandem Knoevenagel-cyclocondensation reaction of an aldehyde, malononitrile and dimedone using guanidinium chloride as polyfunctional organocatalyst under solvent-free conditions in high to excellent yields. Various aromatic aldehydes were util...