In space missions, the delay of a receiving signal to a transmission signal generally spans a few thousands microseconds due to long range observation. An efficient sampling can be achieved by transmitting pulses successively, as schematically shown in Fig. 1. For the later consideration, a catching integer n is to be introduced. In Fig. 1, the catching integer n is set at 11, for which a pulse...

We study the variation of word frequencies in Russian literary texts. Our findings indicate that the standard deviation of a word’s frequency across texts depends on its average frequency according to a power lawwith exponent 2 < α < 1, which shows that the rarer words have a relatively larger degree of frequency volatility (that is, higher ‘‘burstiness’’). A latent factor model has been estima...