The spermatozoa of Crotaphytus bicinctores and Gambelia wislizenii (Crotaphytidae), and Anolis carolinensis (Polychrotidae) exhibit the squamate autapomorphies of a single perforatorium extending anteriorly from the apical tip of the paracrystalline subacrosomal cone, the presence of an epinuclear electron-lucent region, and extension of the fibrous sheath into the midpiece. Crotaphytid sperm d...

The deuterostome phyla include Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata. Chordata is composed of three subphyla, Vertebrata, Cephalochordata (Branchiostoma), and Urochordata (Tunicata). Careful analysis of a new 18S rDNA data set indicates that deuterostomes are composed of two major clades: chordates and echinoderms + hemichordates. This analysis strongly supports the monophyly of each of the...

Visceral injury induces referred pain, autonomic concomitants, skeletal muscle spasm, and hyperalgesia of segmental pattern on the specific area of somatic tissue. Therefore, since visceral referred pain does not mean only a feeling which is considered as misperception of brain but accompanies accessory phenomena, referred phenomenon can be more reasonable expression. Visceral referred phenomen...