COVID 19 has created a new world order. The absence of specific therapy, uncertainty about the viral transmission disease and its mutation, lock down, social distancing have caused mental stress leading to anxiety depression.

The high rates of mutation, recombination, and replication drive HIV-1 diversity. In this study, we investigated how cell type affects viral mutation rate and mutation spectra. In studying four different cell types, no differences in mutation rate were observed, but intriguingly cell type differences impacted HIV-1 mutation spectra. This is the first description of significant differences in HI...

Coevolution of two coupled quasispecies is studied, motivated by the competition between viral evolution and adapting immune response. In this coadaptive model, besides the classical error catastrophe for high virus mutation rates, a second "adaptation" catastrophe occurs, when virus mutation rates are too small to escape immune attack. Maximizing both regimes of viral error catastrophes is a p...

A new model of viral infection spreading in cell cultures is proposed taking into account virus mutation. This represents a reaction-diffusion system equations with time delay for the concentrations uninfected cells, infected cells and load. Infection progression characterized by replication number Rv, which determines total Analytical formulas speed propagation load are obtained confirmed nume...

This study aimed to get a better understanding of molecular epidemiology and genetic variation in the spike glycoprotein as key viral component involved entrance into host cells potential vaccination target. Three Iraqi SARS-CoV-2 strains were investigated using whole-genome sequencing, with two them clustering 20A (GH) clade, remaining strain is clustered 20E (GV) belonging B.1.36.1 B.1.177.80...

Since the initial onset of the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic from Wuhan, China in December 2019, the virus is now spread all around the world, and the disease is named COVID-19. Based on the WHO report on April 18, 2021, there are now more than 140 million confirmed cases and three millions deaths due to this disease[1]. The virus pathogenesis, cl...

For positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus genomes, there is a trade-off between the mutually exclusive tasks of transcription, translation and encapsidation. The replication strategy that maximizes the intracellular growth rate of the virus requires iterative genome transcription from positive to negative, and back to positive sense. However, RNA viruses experience high mutation rates, and t...

OBJECTIVES Growing evidence suggests that mutations in the connection domain of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) can contribute to viral resistance to RT inhibitors. This work was designed to determine the effects of a novel mutation, D404N, in the connection subdomain of RT of HIV-1 CRF08_BC subtype on drug resistance, viral replication capacity (RC) and RT activity. METHODS Mutation D40...