The objective of this study was to compare the effect of two conventional H9N2 avian influenza (AI) vaccines on replication and shedding of the H9N2 AI virus in broiler chickens. These inactivated oil emulsion vaccines contain either a UAE or an Iranian H9N2 AI isolate. One hundred and fifty one-day-old commercial broiler chickens were randomly divided into six groups. The birds, except for the...

the objective of this study was to compare the effect of two conventional h9n2 avian influenza (ai) vaccines on replication and shedding of the h9n2 ai virus in broiler chickens. these inactivated oil emulsion vaccines contain either a uae or an iranian h9n2 ai isolate. one hundred and fifty one-day-old commercial broiler chickens were randomly divided into six groups. the birds, except for the...

We have previously found that whole influenza virus vaccine induced a more rapid and stronger humoral response, particularly after the first dose of vaccine, than split virus vaccine in mice. In this study, we have evaluated the protective efficacy of whole and split influenza virus vaccines in mice using a nonlethal upper respiratory tract challenge model. We have also investigated the immunol...

The roles of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in mediating the symptoms and signs of influenza A infection were examined. Adults were intranasally inoculated with a rimantadine-sensitive strain of influenza A HlNl virus and treated with rimantadine or placebo. Viral shedding, secretion weights, symptom scores, and concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 in nasal lavage fluids were compared between treatment...

BACKGROUND Epidemiologic data collected during epidemics in the western United States combined with limited experimental studies involving swine and cattle suggest that host predilection of epidemic vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) strains results in variations in clinical response, extent and duration of virus shedding and transmissibility following infection in different hosts. L...

BACKGROUND Pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 is susceptible to oseltamivir. There are few reports on its clinical and virologic response to oseltamivir. METHODS During the pandemic containment response in Singapore, all patients with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results for pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 were hospitalized, given oseltamivir for 5 days, and discharged when daily PCR r...

BACKGROUND Influenza viral shedding studies provide fundamental information for preventive strategies and modelling exercises. We conducted a prospective household study to investigate viral shedding in seasonal and pandemic influenza between 2007 and 2011 in Berlin and Munich, Germany. METHODS Study physicians recruited index patients and their household members. Serial nasal specimens were ...

BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) genital lesion recurrence is modulated by psychological factors, but no such link with viral shedding (and thus asymptomatic transmission) has been observed in humans. PURPOSE The moderating effects of average psychological distress, emotional stability, and emotion regulation on HSV-2 recurrence were tested. METHODS Nineteen HSV-2 seropositive...

In the present study, we apply proportional (P), proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-differential (PD) feedback controls to flow over a circular cylinder at Re=60 and 100 for suppression of vortex shedding in the wake. The transverse velocity at a centreline location in the wake is measured and used for the feedback control. The actuation (blowing/suction) is provided to the flow at the...

BACKGROUND To better understand potential transmission risks from contact with the body fluids of children, we monitored the presence and amount of CMV shedding over time in healthy CMV-seropositive children. METHODS Through screening we identified 36 children from the Atlanta, Georgia area who were CMV-seropositive, including 23 who were shedding CMV at the time of screening. Each child rece...