water quality trading is a new approach in pollution control which satisfies water quality standards suggesting minimum cost solutions. this method uses tradable discharge permits based on pollution transfer coefficient in a river. this paper tries to establish a water quality trading program in a river basin according to transfer coefficients between pollution sources and evaluate cost effecti...

the main goal of this study was to investigate the way of affecting of water in production of cucumber. from aspect of econometrics, mutual relationships of production function and expenses have been analyzed in which translog cost function has been used. this function has been estimated using the conditional input demand functions, the shefard theorem, chemical fertilizer, animal fertilizer, l...

Water pricing is considered as one of the most important management tools of water resources, which can result in optimized allocation in the agricultural sector. In this regard, this study estimated the cost of water and the value of water in the farmlands covered by the selected manmade ponds (MMPs) within the Alborz project area in Mazandaran Province using the engineering economics methods ...

OBJECTIVE Fluoride was first added to the Australian water supply in 1953, and by 2003, 69% of Australia's population was receiving the minimum recommended dose. Extending coverage of fluoridation to all remaining communities of at least 1000 people is a key strategy of Australia's National Oral Health Plan 2004-2013. We evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this strategy from an Australian health...

AIM The aim of the study was to use recent data to determine whether Community Water Fluoridation (CWF) remains a cost effective public health intervention in New Zealand, given a reduction in dental caries in all communities over time. METHOD Local authorities that fluoridated their water supplies were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding fixed and variable costs incurred from CWF. Co...

OBJECTIVES In view of concerns expressed by South African local authorities the aim of this study was to develop a model to determine whether water fluoridation is economically viable to reduce dental caries in South Africa. METHODS Microsoft Excel software was used to develop a model to determine economic viability of water fluoridation for 17 water providers from all nine South African prov...

At the Earth Summit (UNCED, 1992), in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, world leaders committed themselves to a comprehensive programme to bring sustainable water supply and sanitation services to the hundreds of millions of people who currently lack them. All States and support agencies were urged to implement activities aiming for universal coverage outlined in Agenda 21, a strategy for sustainabl...