Karst aquifers are important groundwater resources, but are vulnerable to contamination due to relatively rapid subsurface transport. Springs, points where the landscape and water table intersect and cold groundwater discharges, link aquifer systems with land surfaces and water bodies. As such, in many regions, they are critical to the viability of lakes, streams and cold-water fish communities...

In general, water cannot be economically pumped through raceways; it must flow through them by gravity. The need for large volumes of good quality water is the principal reason raceways have been limited to sites with large springs. Most raceway culture in the U.S. is with coldwater species such as trout and is based around locations with high volume, cold springs, or creeks. A few raceway syst...