results: Children among the Kanuri were highly valued and desired irrespective of their gender. The ideal family size, according to most of the respondents, was 16 children. Kanuri men are polygamous and can marry up to four wives in order to form large families. However, it is an abomination among Kanuri women to fall pregnant in quick succession; a phenomenon they termed konkomi. Other reason...

The Shanggu gas field is the low porosity and low permeability. Single well controlled reserves, economic limit well spacing and economic rational spacing through different methods are calculated. With the development experience of Su Lige gas field as guidance, the rational spacing of Shanggu gas reservoir is 700m×900m by calculating daily gas production rate and cumulative gas production with...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether the apparent additional and exceptional stresses associated with bearing and parenting twins affect the emotional wellbeing of mothers. SETTING Great Britain, 1970-5. DESIGN Cohort study of 13,135 children born between 4 April and 11 April 1970. Mothers of all children, both singletons and twins, were interviewed by health visitors (providing demographic data)...

In this work, we identify the power-optimal wire spacing as a geometric program. Its solution is a vector of individual distances between the wires. To quantify the optimization potential by this method we model the output of a grid based router with a set of parallel wires. A comparison of the power values before and after geometric optimization shows that the optimization potential lies well ...

Traditional snakes suffer from slow convergence speed (many control points) and difficult to adjust weighting factors for internal energy terms. We propose an alternative formulation using cubic B-splines, where the knot spacing is variable and controlled by the user. A larger knot spacing allows to reduce the number of parameters, which increases optimization speeds. It also eliminates the nee...

We investigate the energy optimization (minimization) for amplified links. We show that using the using a well-established analytic nonlinear signal-to-noise ratio noise model that for a simple amplifier model there are very clear, fiber independent, amplifier gains which minimize the total energy requirement. With a generalized amplifier model we establish the spacing for the optimum power per...

The design of concentric ring arrays for isoflux radiation is presented in this paper. This design considers the reduction of the side lobe level and isoflux radiation requirements for Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites. The optimization problem considers the spacing among rings and levels of amplitude excitations. The well-known method of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is utilized for this...

In order to further improve oil recovery, water flooding was adjusted for three times from 2009 2012. The spacing of injection-production Wells shortened 250 meters 106 meters, and the density well pattern increased 90.7 196 per square kilometer. This leads problems “rapid rise cut, large difference in formation production, production decline block u”. recent years, we by fine geologic research...

Grillages are widely used in various structures. In this research, the Colliding Bodies Optimization (CBO) and Enhanced Colliding Bodies Optimization (ECBO) algorithms are used to obtain the optimum design of irregular grillage systems. The purpose of this research is to minimize the weight of the structure while satisfying the design constraints. The design variables are considered to be the c...

The optimum time and space distribution of upper-air observations is considered in connection with the detection and prediction of instability lines-a mesoscale phenomenon. It is shown that the optimum spacing of observational stations is not only a function of the scale of the phenomena to be detected but of observational and analytical errors as well. When these errors are considered the opti...