to know the water quality characteristics of tehran subterranean canals, from 20 feb. 1978 to 23 sept. 1978, samples were taken from 23 of them by simple random sampling without replacement, and were analyzed according to the 14th edition of standards method for the examination of water and waste water 1975. arithmetic average concentration of water analyses of 23 subterranean canals were drawn...

A medium-sized nest of the Texas leafcutting ant, Atta texana (Buckley), in northern Louisiana was excavated completely, and a three-dimensional model of its external and subterranean features was constructed. In total, 97 fungus gardens, 27 dormancy cavities, and 45 detritus cavities were located. At the lower center of the funnel-shaped nest was a large central cavity, which in winter functio...

South American tuco-tucos (genus Ctenomys) and related coruros (genus Spalacopus), North American pocket gophers (family Geomyidae), and African mole rats (family Bathyergidae) are lineages of rodents that colonized the subterranean niche independently. An energetically demanding lifestyle, coupled with the hypoxic atmosphere characteristic of the subterranean environment may change the selecti...

A new genus Sireuma is described to accommodate a new species, S. nobile, from a cave in Portugal. The unique features of the male gonopods and the absence of a postvulvar organ support the creation of a new genus. The new species is illustrated with scanning electron micrographs and diagrammatic drawings. Differences vis-à-vis its relatives are discussed, and information on the environment in ...

system for testing evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses because of their isolation, simplicity of community structure and specialization. Adaptation to cave environments promotes the regression of functionless (unused) characters across a broad taxonomic range, in concert with evolutionary change in other morphological traits. Change typically involves the degeneration of eyes and loss of ...

Robotic systems exhibit remarkable capability for exploring and mapping subterranean voids. Information about subterranean spaces has immense value for civil, security, and commercial applications where problems, such as encroachment, collapse, flooding and subsidence can occur. Contemporary method for underground mapping, such as human surveys and geophysical techniques, can provide estimates ...

Subterranean infrastructure damages caused by excavation works of all kinds are costly and potentially dangerous for workers. Such damages are often caused by poor subterranean data or inappropriate use of the existing data. We aim to provide solutions and services that will hinder obstacles related to the use of subterranean infrastructure data to ensure less damage and less time spent on find...

Egypt is considered an arid country and depends mainly on the Nile River groundwater reservoirs to supply water for drinking various uses. The northwestern coastal zone one of regions that rely heavily rainwater irrigation. As a result changes in climate rise sea level, increase seawater intrusion growing. Furthermore, exploitation increased pumping some wells installed this area have negative ...

11.4 Caves and Other Subterranean Sites .......................... 327 11.4.1 The Cave Environment .................................................... 327 11.4.2 Light ................................................................................ 330 11.4.3 The Organisms and Their Response to the Environment .......................................................... 332 11.4.4 Calci fi catio...