The paper describes the hierarchical control concept for wind farm power/load optimization with emphasis on compensation of disturbances. The control concept was developed for the EU-FP7 project Distributed Control of Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farms – Aeolus. The Aeolus project approaches the wind farm control problem by considering wind turbines in a wind farm as individual power actuators aff...

The growing use of wind energy as major energy source, has led to the construction of large wind farms. The control of such wind farms is typically separated into control at wind turbine level and at wind farm level. The wind farm controller assures that the wind farm produces the demanded amount of power, by providing set-points for the turbines in the farm. The local turbine control assures t...

The prediction of wind farm output power is considered as an emphatic way to increase the wind energy capacity and improve the safety and economy of the power system. The wind farm output energy depends upon various factors such as wind speed, temperature, etc. , which is difficult to be described by some mathematical expression. This paper introduces a method of wind energy prediction for a wi...

As modern society grows more reliant on wind energy, wind farm deployments will become increasingly attractive targets for malicious entities. The geographic scale of wind farms, remoteness of assets, flat logical control networks and insecure control protocols expose wind farms to myriad threats. This paper attempts to clarify the gaps in the understanding of wind farm threats and their implic...

The wind farm layout program FLaP (Farm Layout Program) estimates the wind speed at any point in a wind farm and the power output of the turbines. The ambient flow conditions and the properties of the turbines and the farm are used as input. The core of the program is an axis-symmetric wake model, describing the wake behind one rotor. Here an approach based on the simplified Reynolds equation w...

It is well-known that wind farm noise is dominated by low-frequency energy at large distances from the wind farm, where the high frequency noise has been more attenuated than low-frequency noise. It has also been found that wind farm noise is highly variable with time due to the influence of atmospheric factors such as atmospheric turbulence, wake turbulence from upstream turbines and wind shea...

In the coming years the geographical distribution of wind farms in Great Britain is expected to change significantly. Following the development of the “round 3” wind zones (circa 2025), most of the installed capacity will be located in large offshore wind farms. However, the impact of this change in wind-farm distribution on the characteristics of national wind generation is largely unknown. Th...

As a long term bidding behavior, bid shading is exhibited by wind farms participating in real Uniform Price (UP) markets. This signifies that the wind farm owners bid far below their true long run marginal cost. In this paper, a method is proposed to consider the uncertainty of bidding admission in the long term expected revenue of wind farms. We show that this consideration could perfectly exp...

Wind farm noise compliance assessments require measurement of the wind farm noise under full operating conditions. Normal wind farm operation typically includes periods where one or more wind turbines may be unable to operate, due to maintenance requirements, grid restrictions, or other factors. For a large wind farm with many wind turbines, or in situations where cumulative noise impacts from ...

The fluctuation of active power output of wind farm has many negative impacts on large-scale wind power integration into power grid. In this paper, flywheel energy storage system (FESS) was connected to AC side of the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind farm to realize smooth control of wind power output. Based on improved wind power prediction algorithm and wind speed-power curve modeli...