Viruses evolve rapidly, providing a unique system for understanding the processes that influence rates of molecular evolution. Neutral theory posits that the evolutionary rate increases linearly with the mutation rate. The occurrence of deleterious mutations causes this relationship to break down at high mutation rates. Previous studies have identified this as an important phenomenon, particula...

OBJECTIVES Mathematical models can be helpful to understand the complex dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus infection within a host. Most of work has studied the interactions of host responses and virus in the presence of active cytotoxic immune cells, which decay to zero when there is no virus. However, recent research highlights that cytotoxic immune cells can be inactive but never be de...

This work introduces a stochastic model for the spread of a virus in a cell population where the virus has two ways of spreading: either by allowing its host cell to live on and duplicate, or else by multiplying in large numbers within the host cell, causing the host cell to burst thereby letting the viruses enter new uninfected cells. The model is a kind of interacting Markov branching process...

The existence of long-lived reservoirs of latently infected CD4+ T cells is the major barrier to curing HIV, and has been extensively studied in this light. However, the effect of these reservoirs on the evolutionary dynamics of the virus has received little attention. Here, we present a within-host quasispecies model that incorporates a long-lived reservoir, which we then nest into an epidemio...

We formulate an immuno-epidemiological model of coupled “within-host” model of ODEs and “between-host” model of ODE and PDE, using the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) for illustration. Existence and uniqueness of solution to the “between-host” model is established, and an explicit expression for the basic reproduction number of the “between-host” model derived. Stability of disease-free and ...

acyclovir (9-[2-hydroxyethoxymethyl] guanine) is an acyclic nucleoside analogue of guanosine which is a potent and selective antiviral agent. acycloviris converted to the monophosphate by thymidine kinase the virus-specific form of this enzyme and is subsequently converted to the triphosphate by the host cell kinase. acyclovir triphosphate inhibits viral dna-polymerase terminating the chain and...

Human respiratory disease associated with influenza virus infection is of significant public health concern. Macrophages, as part the front line host innate cellular defence, have been shown to play an important role in controlling viral replication. However, fatal outcomes infection, evidenced patients infected highly pathogenic strains, are often prompt activation and excessive accumulation m...