this research was conducted in the west forest of guilan, northern iran. data from various harvesting methods for 20 years were collected. results showed that, productivity rate of round wood, pulp wood and fuel wood has had an upward trend, while rate of traditional products (lumber, sawn wood, charcoal, etc.) has had a downward trend. production cost has been investigated in this research. th...

the mean fiber length of three beech trees (fagus orientalis l.) at the lower and higher points (1% and 75% tree height) of the stem at an intermediate altitude (500-1000m) in the caspian forests in sari region were 1.36 and 1.22mm respectively, close to the values in three trees at high altitude (1000-1500m), that were found to be 1.39 and 1.36 mm. the mean fiber lengths of the whole stem, usi...

wood vinegar is the aqueous phase of the liquid produced during the slow pyrolysis of wood.it has the potential to be used as a pesticide against various weeds, insects and molluscs. due to divergentfeedstocks, pyrolysis processes and storing conditions, the chemical composition of wood vinegar variesbetween producers and time. the aim of our current study was to use the copse snail arianta arb...

Wood is a porous three dimensional, hydroscopic, viscoelastic, anisotropic bio-polymer composite composed of an interconnecting matrix of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin with minor amounts of inorganic elements and organic extractives. Some, but not all, of the cell wall polymer hydroxyl groups are accessible to moisture and these accessible hydroxyls form hydrogen bonds with water. As the...

Background: Asthma is a chronic multifactorial disease with a high prevalence. Among asthma risk factors, the effect of baking in wood tenor ovens (traditional form of baking) on bronchial asthma is still debated. The aim of this study was to determine the association between baking in wood tenor ovens and incidence and control of bronchial asthma. Materials and Methods: This descriptive stu...

G. S. Abrams, (I J C. E. Adolphsen, (2) D. Averill, (3) J. Ballam, <4> B. C. Barish, (5 ) T. Barklow, (4 ) B. A. Barnett, (6 ) J. Bartelt, (4 ) S. Bethke, 0 J D. Blockus, (3) G. Bonvicini, <7> A. Boyarski, (4 ) B. Brabson, (JJ A. Breakstone, (8 ) F. Bulos, <4> P. R. Burchat, (2) D. L. Burke, (4 ) R. J. Cence, (8 ) J. Chapman, (7 ) M. Chmeissani, (7 ) D. Cords, <4> D. P. Coupal, <4 > P. Dauncey,...

A recent analysis of R&D productivity suggests that there are grounds for 'cautious optimism' that the industry 'turned the corner' in 2008 and is 'on the comeback trail'. We believe that this analysis is flawed and most probably wrong. We present an alternative analysis of these same data to suggest that the industry is not yet 'out of the woods' and suggest that many of the systemic issues af...

From the still life with a bowl of fruit to scenes of wildlife in the woods, from Michelangelo’s David to Damien Hirst’s Verity, biology often provides the shapes, forms, colours and concepts that most inspire visual artists to create their own representation of life. Apart from the unique case of Leonardo da Vinci, the scientific and the artistic eye cast on living things have rarely resided i...