Complex wrinkle patterns have been observed in various thin film systems, typically with integrated hard and soft materials for various applications as well as in nature. The underlying mechanism of wrinkling has been generally understood as a stress-driven instability. On an elastic substrate, equilibrium and energetics set the critical condition and select the wrinkle wavelength and amplitude...

This paper presents a nonlinear mathematical model for evolution of wrinkle patterns of an anisotropic crystal film on a viscoelastic substrate layer. The underlying mechanism of wrinkling has been generally understood as a stress-driven instability. Previously, theoretical studies on wrinkling have assumed isotropic elastic properties for the film. Motivated by recent experimental observations...

Driving a realistic facial animation with Support Vector Machine(SVM) requires determining the shape-to-wrinkle correspondence, which includes not only spatial dependency, but also temporal dependency. A few available frameworks(e.g., Recurrent Neural Network and Long Short-Term Memory), represent temporal dependency as the dependency of output on position input series, which however may bring ...

We report a simple method for fabrication of one-dimensional, two-dimensional and nested hierarchical wrinkling patterns on polymeric surfaces using plasma treatment. The morphology of wrinkle patterns, specifically the wavelength and amplitude of each wrinkle generation, is controlled by the treatment time and stretching release after each treatment step. By systematically varying these two ke...

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have diverse and important roles in the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells in our tissues. Especially, BMPs are well known to be the main inducers of bone formation, by facilitating both proliferation and differentiation of bone stem cells. Interestingly, in skin stem cells, BMPs repress their proliferation but are indispensable for the prop...

This paper presents methods for generating 3D facial expressions. The pattern functions are employed to generate detailed, animated facial expressions. The created pattern functions include wrinkle patterns (forehead wrinkle, eye corner wrinkle, cheek wrinkle and frown wrinkle), dimple pattern and eye pouch effect pattern. The pattern functions allow a user to directly manipulate them and see i...

The anti-wrinkle activity of defatted rosemary extract (DER) was assessed, and its effect was optimized by encapsulation in transferosomes (TFs). DER was standardized to a rosmarinic acid content of 4.58 ± 0.023 mg% using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (Rp-HPLC), and its components were identified by HPLC-diode array detection-tandem mass spectrometry. In vitro free radic...