An increase in the work-load of clinical and analytical chemistry laboratories in the 1940s resulted in a drive towards automation. The repetitive nature of analyses, with the associated tedium, provided further incentive toward developing automated systems. To these ends, Skeggs conceived Continuous-Flow analysis (CFA), introduced commercially by the Technicon Instruments Corporation in 1957 i...

BACKGROUND Rapid determination of blood electrolyte concentrations can help determine electrolyte status and delivery of effective volume of electrolyte solutions in field conditions. OBJECTIVE To evaluate reliability of the i-STAT, a point-of-care (POC) device, in measuring blood K(+), Na(+), and CI(-) concentrations in cattle. ANIMALS Ninety-eight cattle with various diseases. METHODS I...

background: panoramic imaging is one of the most common imaging methods in dentistry. regarding the side-effects of ionizing radiation, it is necessary to survey different aspects and details of panoramic imaging. in this study, we compared the absorbed x-ray dose around two panoramic x-ray units: pm 2002 cc proline (planmeca, helsinki, finland) and cranex tome (soredex, helsinki, finland). mat...

Background: Panoramic imaging is one of the most common imaging methods in dentistry. Regarding the side-effects of ionizing radiation, it is necessary to survey different aspects and details of panoramic imaging. In this study, we compared the absorbed x-ray dose around two panoramic x-ray units: PM 2002 CC Proline (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) and Cranex Tome (Soredex, Helsinki, Finland).<br ...

In a chance constrained program (CCP), decision makers seek the best whose probability of violating uncertainty constraints is within prespecified risk level. As CCP often nonconvex and difficult to solve optimality, much effort has been devoted developing convex inner approximations for CCP, among which conditional value-at-risk ([Formula: see text]) known be more than decade. This paper studi...