Scope and Purpose-Neural networks come in a variety of forms and are "trained" by a variety of strategies. With a few exceptions, these forms and training processes have not produced strongly competitive approaches for optimization problems. when compared to latest methods that have evolved within the optimization field. This paper proposes a different type of neural network conception based on...

Introduction: Contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) is a well-established methodology that accurately depicts vessel morphology in multiple vascular territories. In order to minimize the signal contribution from background tissues, a precontrast data set is typically subtracted from the post-contrast data set. Parallel acceleration techniques such as GRAPPA and SENSE are routinely used to improve spat...

An algorithm is described for reducing ghost artifacts in echo planar imaging (EPI) using phase corrections derived from images reconstructed using only even or odd k-space lines. The N/2 ghost, that arises principally from time-reversal of alternate k-space lines, was significantly reduced by this algorithm without the need for a calibration scan. In images obtained in eight subjects undergoin...

Observed rises in taxic diversity could reflect bias of the fossil record or a genuine diversification. Here we outline a new method that attempts to differentiate between these two possible explanations. The method is based on the calculations of average ghost lineage duration through successive intervals of time. Biases due to variation in preservational conditions affect taxa independently f...

Ghost imaging and ghost diffraction can be realized by using the spatial correlations between signal and idler photons produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. If an object is placed in the signal (idler) path, the spatial correlations between the transmitted photons as measured by a single, non-imaging, "bucket" detector and a scanning detector placed in the idler (signal) path can ...

It is shown that gravitational waves do not have nonphysical “ghost” states in the Relativistic Theory of Gravitation with graviton having nonzero rest mass due to the causality condition. It was shown in [1,2] that, in linearized theory of gravitation, introducing the rest mass of graviton for a field with spins 2 and 0 leads to nonphysical “ghost states” due to spin 0 when interpreting gravit...

We show, by analyzing its characteristics, that the ghost-free, 5 degree of freedom, Wess-Zumino massive gravity model admits superluminal shock wave solutions and thus is acausal. Ironically, this pathology arises from the very constraint that removes the (sixth) Boulware-Deser ghost mode.

We present Extended Double BRST on the lattice and extend the Neuberger problem to include the ghost/anti-ghost symmetric formulation of the non-linear covariant Curci-Ferrari (CF) gauges. We then show how a CF mass regulates the 0/0 indeterminate form of physical observables, as observed by Neuberger, and discuss the gauge parameter and mass dependence of the model.

Using the data of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of Neumann matrices in the 3-string vertex, we prove analytically that the ghost kinetic operator of vacuum string field theory obtained by Hata and Kawano is equal to the ghost operator inserted at the open string midpoint. We also comment on the values of determinants appearing in the norm of sliver

Copyright q 2012 Varun Jain et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. We define GCR-lightlike submanifolds of indefinite cosymplectic manifolds and give an example. Then, we study mixed geodesic GCR-lightlike submanif...