BACKGROUND Intestinal tuberculosis occurs mainly in the terminal ileum and caecum, where the concentration of bile acids is lowest, and rarely in the upper digestive tract. OBJECTIVES We examined the effect of physiological concentrations of bile acids on the in vitro growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). METHODS The 4 major bile acids, lithocolic acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid a...

With the spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains there is an increasing need for new accurate and cost-effective methods for a rapid diagnostic and drug susceptibility testing (DST), particularly in low-income countries where tuberculosis is hyperendemic. A colorimetric assay using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) has been suggested as a ...

When a minimum on the potential energy surface is surrounded by multiple saddle points with similar energy barriers, the transition pathways with greater prefactors are more important than those that have similar energy barriers but smaller prefactors. In this paper, we present a theoretical formulation for the prefactors, computing the probabilities for transition paths from a minimum to its s...

The precise determination of evaporation flux from liquid surfaces gives control over evaporation-driven self-assembly in soft matter systems. The Hertz-Knudsen (HK) equation is commonly used to predict evaporation flux. This equation states that the flux is proportional to the difference between the pressure in the system and the equilibrium pressure for liquid/vapor coexistence. We applied mo...

Lee TJ, Baraff LJ, Guzy J, et al. Does telephone triage delay significant medical treatment? Advice nurse service vs on-call pediatricians. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003;157:635–41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

We compare the results of three-dimensional molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations of a Lennard-Jones (LJ) liquid with a hydrostatic (HS) solution of a high temperature liquid channel which is surrounded by a fluid at lower temperature. The maximum temperature gradient, dT/dx , between the two temperature regions ranged from infinity (step function) to dT/dx=0.1 (in the usual LJ units). Because th...

Cut-elimination, introduced by Gentzen, plays an important role in automating the analysis of mathematical proofs. The removal of cuts corresponds to the elimination of intermediate statements (lemmas), resulting in an analytic proof. CERes is a method of cut-elimination by resolution that relies on global proof transformations, in contrast to reductive methods, which use local proof-rewriting ...

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronically relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Most IBD treatments are unsatisfactory; therefore, various dietary supplements have emerged as promising interventions. Laminaria japonica (LJ) is an edible seaweed used to regulate digestive symptoms. Probiotics have been reported to improve digestive problems and their simultaneous...

Objective: Ethionamide being thermolabile in nature, effect of temperature on the drug and its stability in liquid and solid media during susceptibility testing procedures was assessed to understand the inconsistency in DST formats. Methods: Working solution of ethionamide and LowensteinJensen (LJ) media incorporated with ethionamide were preincubated at 4°C and 37°C prior to DST methods was in...

Maximum Likelihood (ML) optimization schemes are widely used for parameter inference. They maximize the likelihood of some experimentally observed data, with respect to the model parameters iteratively, following the gradient of the logarithm of the likelihood. Here, we employ a ML inference scheme to infer a generalizable, physics-based coarse-grained protein model (which includes Go̅-like bias...