Article history: Received 23 December 2008 Available online 18 January 2009 JEL classification: C70

Article history: Accepted 19 February 2012 JEL classification: C72 D01 D43 L13

Article history: Received 4 October 2010 Available online 9 November 2010 JEL classification: C70 C72 C73

Article history: Received 7 May 2009 Available online 13 February 2010 JEL classification: C7 C9 D74

Article history: Received 5 February 2007 Available online 28 November 2008 JEL classification: C72

To assess the importance of unequal access to medical expertise and services, we estimate causal effects having a child who is doctor on parents' mortality health care use. We use data from parents almost 22,000 participants in admission lotteries school Netherlands. Our findings indicate that informal services not an important cause differences mortality. (JEL H51, I11, I12, I14, I18)

Article history: Received 7 March 2006 Available online 19 March 2009 JEL classification: D82 J33 M50

Article history: Received 26 October 2012 Available online 23 October 2015 JEL classification: J41 J24 D21

Article history: Received 10 November 2010 Available online 14 April 2011 JEL classification: C78