Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells are traditionally considered unresponsive to TGF? due mutations in the receptors and/or downstream signaling molecules. influences CRC only indirectly via stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts. However, cell ability directly respond currently remains unexplored. This represents a missed opportunity for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Method...

Abstract The skin is outermost barrier in the body. Its only breaches are represented by hair follicles, which represent point of entrance for all skin-sitting pathogens and commensals. Therefore, they can be defined as most immunologically active sites skin. As such, tight regulation needed at these it achieved not through immune cells, but also non-hematopoietic cells like keratinocytes fibro...

Although TGF-β is known to be related tumor proliferation, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), its effects on oral carcinomas remain unclear. This study aimed elucidate the of squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In present in vitro study, three human OSCC lines; SAS (tongue cancer), Ca9-22 (mandibular gingival cancer) HSC-3 (cervical lymph nodes metastasis tongue were treated with...

TGF-β is required for both Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) and Th17 commitment. Plasmacytoid DCs (pDC) have been shown to participate to both Treg and Th17 commitment as well. However, few studies have evaluated the direct effect of TGF-β on pDC, and to our knowledge, no study has assessed the capacity of TGF-β-exposed pDC to polarize naive CD4(+) T cells. In this paper, we show that TGF-β-tr...

This study examines the potential role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in the regulation of human T lymphocyte proliferation, and proposes that TGF-beta is an important autoregulatory lymphokine that limits T lymphocyte clonal expansion, and that TGF-beta production by T lymphocytes is important in T cell interactions with other cell types. TGF-beta was shown to inhibit IL-2-depen...

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that is synthesized by many types of cells and regulates the cell cycle. Increasing evidence has led to TGF-β receiving increased and deserved attention in recent years because it may play a potentially novel and critical role in the development and progression of myocardial fibrosis and the subsequent progress of ventricular re...

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), a multifunctional cytokine that regulates a variety of biological functions, signals through a heteromeric receptor complex of the type I and type II TGF-beta receptors. The type II receptor, a transmembrane serine-threonine kinase, was cloned based on its ability to directly bind TGF-beta. Recently, a number of candidate type I TGF-beta receptors hav...

The epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is an important underlying mechanism proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). We previously found that L‑carnitine (β‑hydroxy‑γ‑N-trimethylammonium‑butyrate, LC) was significantly lower during the transforming growth factor‑β1 (TGF‑β1)‑induced EMT process in ARPE‑19 cells. present study assessed role LC RPE migr...

The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects task-based instruction using online language games in a flipped learning environment (TGF) developing English oral communication ability Thai secondary students and examine students’ opinions environment. present employed mixed-method approach. two-group pre-test post-test design was used. participants 80 studying Mathayomsuks...

Abstract We provide evidence that Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes (TGFs), in well isolated thunderstorms, tend to occur during periods of low and declining flash rates, when the amplitudes are larger than average. This conclusion comes from examining results 371 manually tracked TGF‐producing thunderstorms. Fermi‐GBM identified TGFs used for this analysis lightning data come both World Wide Light...