Unlike most other characterized organic solute transport in plants, uptake of the model compound S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione (DNP-GS) and related glutathione-S-conjugated by vacuolar membranes is directly energized by MgATP. Here we show that exogenous application of the DNP-GS precursor 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) to seedlings of Vigna radiata (mung bean) increases the capacity of ...

Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been identified as an unambiguous cause of late-onset, autosomal-dominant familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and LRRK2 mutations are the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic PD known to date. A number of transgenic mice expressing wild-type or mutant LRRK2 have been described with varying degrees of LRRK2-related abnormalities...

Rapid saltatory nerve conduction is facilitated by myelin structure, which is composed of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Schwann cells drastically change their phenotype following peripheral nerve injury. These phenotypic changes are required for efficient degeneration/regeneration. We previously identified ZNRF1 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase containing a RING finger motif, whose e...

Thiazolidinediones (TZD) have been shown to have anti-diabetic effects including the ability to decrease fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, increase insulin-mediated glucose disposal rate (M) and decrease hepatic glucose production, but the mechanisms of action are not well established. To determine whether a TZD (R-102380, Sankyo Company Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) could improve insulin actio...

During sepsis, the lung responds by exporting increased amounts of the amino acid glutamine. This response is accompanied by increased enzymatic activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), which catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. It is also known that GS expression in the rat lung can be induced by glucocorticoid hormones. To determine whether the septic response and th...

We consider a class of functions satisfying the gross-substitutes property (GS-functions). We show that GS-functions are concave functions, whose parquets are constituted by quasipolymatroids. The class of conjugate functions to GS-functions turns out to be the class of polyhedral supermodular functions. The class of polyhedral GS-functions is a proper subclass of the class of polyhedral submod...

astrocytes, including all cells of the astroglial family (1), i.e., Bergmann glia, Müller cells (2), tanycytes (3), and ependymal cells. The star shaped morphology from classical silver impregnations relates to cortical and hippocampal astrocytes, which display a comparable pattern in material stained for GFAP. However, the dense population of GS stained astrocytes found in all diencephalic and...

OBJECTIVE The International Society of Urological Pathology Gleason grading system was modified in 2005. Since the modified system was introduced, many cancers that previously would have been categorized as Gleason score (GS) 6 are now categorized as GS 7 based on biopsy specimens that only contain minimal amounts (<6%) of Gleason pattern (GP) 4 tissue. However, the clinical significance of obs...

To evaluate the potential of genomic selection (GS), a selection experiment with GS and phenotypic selection (PS) was performed in an allogamous crop, common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). To indirectly select for seed yield per unit area, which cannot be measured on a single-plant basis, a selection index was constructed from seven agro-morphological traits measurable on a single pla...

Goldenhar syndrome (GS), a rare condition, occurring due to defect in development of first and second branchial arches, is characterized by a combination of various anomalies involving face, eyes, ears, vertebrae, heart, and lungs. The etiology of GS is not fully known, although various hypotheses have been proposed along with its genetic association and many other causes. Facial asymmetry and ...