The concept of substantial equivalence, introduced for the risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) food, is a reducing concept because it ignores the context in which these products have been produced and brought to the consumer at the end of the food chain. Food quality cannot be restricted to mere substance and food acts on human beings not only at the level of nutrition but also through...

Techniques for reasoning about extensional properties of functional programs are well understood, but methods for analysing the underlying intensional or operational properties have been much neglected. This paper begins with the development of a simple but useful calculus for time analysis of non-strict functional programs with lazy lists. One limitation of this basic calculus is that the ordi...

We extend the applied pi calculus with state cells, which are used toreason about protocols that store persistent information. Examples are protocolsinvolving databases or hardware modules with internal state. We distinguish be-tween private state cells, which are not available to the attacker, and public statecells, which arise when a private state cell is compromised by the at...

This article focuses on three themes concerning determinism and indeterminism. The first theme is observational equivalence between deterministic and indeterministic models. Here I discuss several results about observational equivalence and present an argument on how to choose between deterministic and indeterministic models involving indirect evidence. The second theme is whether Newtonian phy...

We introduce the following notion of weak equivalence between shifts of nite type: two shifts of nite type S and T are equivalent if S = f ?1 (T) and T = g ?1 (S), where f (resp. g) is a sliding block map from A Z to B Z (resp. from B Z to A Z), where S A Z and T B Z. We give a necessary condition for this equivalence and we show how to decide the equivalence when the shifts are given by nite c...

There are continuum many ≤B-incomparable equivalence relations induced by a free, Borel action of a countable non-abelian free group – and hence, there are 20 many treeable countable Borel equivalence relations which are incomparable in the ordering of Borel reducibility

In this appendix we consider a procedure to assess quantitatively whether the expressive or strategic voting model is more appropriate for the state supreme court voting data used in this paper. As we remarked in the main text, for a given set of cases, the first-stage likelihood function for the votes is identical for both the expressive and strategic voting models, and in this sense the two m...

3 Logical Relation Proofs 15 3.1 Basic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.1.1 Properties of Step-Indexed Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.1.2 Approximation Yields Valid Semantic Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.1.3 World Extension and Store Satisfaction Properties . . ...