Background and Purpose: Several classical scholars who contributed to developing the theory of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah are overlooked in contemporary studies maqāṣid. Most ‎contemporary focused on al-Juwaynī, al-Ghazālī al-Shāṭibī. However, studying a requires investigating all works that pioneered without discrimination. This could provide new insights for study paper addresses this oversight by r...

introducing three principal methods of determining the solar orbital eccentricity in the ancient and medieval astronomy (i.e., the method of seasons, of mid-signs, of three–points), the accuracy of the results obtained from each is being investigated. in doing so, two main goals have been targeted: (1) to determine the accuracy and the intrinsic limitation of each method with regard to their st...