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it is well-known that “casual conditional” in islamic logics has been used with two meanings: “specific conditional” and “general conditional”. however, viewing the works of the muslim logicians, we find out that these two meanings of “casual conditional” have been interpreted in two various ways: each of the general and specific conditionals is sometimes interpreted as the condition of “non-ne...

Season of birth is associated with later outcomes; what drives this association remains unclear. We consider a new explanation: variation in maternal characteristics. We document large changes in maternal characteristics for births throughout the year; winter births are disproportionally realized by teenagers and the unmarried. Family background controls explain nearly half of season-of-birth's...

In this paper we discuss human behavior in interaction with information available on the Web via search. We consider seasonality as a novel source of context for Web search and discuss the possible impact it could have on search results quality. Seasonality is used in recommender systems as an attribute of the recommended item that might influence its perceived usefulness for particular user. W...

OBJECTIVE Recent research has assessed the impact of tobacco laws on cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity. In this study, we also examined whether the association between the implementation of the 2005 Spanish smoking ban and hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases varies according to the adjustment for potential confounders. DESIGN Ecological time series analysis....

Here, we describe a new global model of influenza pandemics. The model includes 321 major cities on six continents, the airline travel among them, and influenza seasonality data when available. This model includes more detailed within-host influenza dynamics, more detailed influenza vaccine behavior, and more detailed seasonality data for tropical regions than other models. Nonetheless, it is a...

Emerging and re-emerging dengue fever has posed serious problems to public health officials in many tropical and subtropical countries. Continuous traveling in seasonally varying areas makes it more difficult to control the spread of dengue fever. In this work, we consider a two-patch dengue model that can capture the movement of host individuals between and within patches using a residence-tim...

Climate change in the Larger Carpathian Region (LCR) by end of century has been analysed using Feddema climate classification. Temperature (T) and precipitation (P) data for reference period 1971–2000 were taken from CarpatClim dataset projected 2069–2098 EURO-CORDEX dataset. The delta-corrected simulated with EUR-11 EUR-44 resolutions are based on RCP4.5 8.5 scenarios. Results obtained RCA4-EC...

Seasonal variations in temperature, rainfall and resource availability are ubiquitous and can exert strong pressures on population dynamics. Infectious diseases provide some of the best-studied examples of the role of seasonality in shaping population fluctuations. In this paper, we review examples from human and wildlife disease systems to illustrate the challenges inherent in understanding th...