Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and is estimated to presently infect 24 million adults and 1.5 million children, worldwide. The pathogenesis of HIV-1-induced disease is complex and characterized by the interplay of both viral and host factors, which together determine the outcome of infection. An improved understand...

Clinical neurological involvement at various times throughout the illness was recorded in 52% of 122 patients seen in central London who died from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Various metabolic encephalopathies, dementias, focal encephalopathies, retinopathies and peripheral nerve pathology were the most frequent manifestations. Seven of 9 patients with a neurological presentation...

Although involvement of the central nervous system represents one of the most common manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a standard diagnostic test for this condition has not yet been established. At necropsy human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been demonstrated in brain macrophages in such patients. HIV antigen was detected in CSF macrophages by immunocytochemis...

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare skin cancer that occurs more frequently after organ transplantation or B-cell malignancy, conditions of suppressed or disordered immunity. To assess further whether immune suppression increases MCC risk, we studied its occurrence in a cohort of 309365 individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by using linked AIDS and cancer registries. We i...

Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has dramatically increased the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in subSaharan Africa, where up to 60% of TB patients are coinfected with HIV and each year 200,000 TB deaths are attributable to HIV coinfection. Now HIV threatens control of TB in Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America. Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs can prevent...

Tuberculosis globally results in almost 2 million human deaths annually, with 1 in 4 deaths from tuberculosis being human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)-related. Primarily a pathogen of the respiratory system, aerobic Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) infects the lungs via the inhalation of infected aerosol droplets generated by people with pulmonar...

Ureteral perforation is a rare complication of abdominal infection, especially in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We reported a case of ureteral perforation caused by a secondary amebiasis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Following bowel perforation and immunocompromised conditions, secondary right ureteral perforation was not easily to b...

A virus identifyied by Montagnier (Barre-Sinoussi et al., 1983) and Gallo et al. (1984), present in opportunistic infections caused by Pneumocystis carinii associated to malignant neoplasies as the Kaposi’s sarcoma (Gottlieb et al., 1981; Masur et al., 1981; Siegal et al., 1981), later called the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is the responsible for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, ...

Human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8), now called Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), as a probable causative agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) was putforth when it was first detected in KS specimens in 1994. Since then, many investigators have confirmed the association of HHV-8 and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) associated KS. This study was done ...

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) was initially designated as a body-cavity-based lymphoma and recognized as a distinct clinical entity without a contiguous tumor mass. PEL was first reported in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the distinctive feature of PEL originally reported as a B-cell neoplasm characterized by infection of the tumor cells by human herpes virus 8 (H...