The presynaptic active zone (AZ) is a specialized microdomain designed for the efficient and repetitive release of neurotransmitter. Bassoon and Piccolo are two high molecular weight components of the AZ, with hypothesized roles in its assembly and structural maintenance. However, glutamatergic synapses lacking either protein exhibit relatively minor defects, presumably due to their significant...

In Drosophila, aversive associative memory of an odor consists of heterogeneous components with different stabilities. Here we report that Bruchpilot (Brp), a ubiquitous presynaptic active zone protein, is required for olfactory memory. Brp was shown before to facilitate efficient vesicle release, particularly at low stimulation frequencies. Transgenic knockdown in the Kenyon cells of the mushr...

The marginal zone, in pregastrulating chick blastoderms, has been defined as the intermediate ring between the epiblast proper and the most external region, the area opaca (Spratt & Haas, 1960). Azar & Eyal-Giladi (1979) have shown that the marginal zone of a stage XIII blastoderm has the capacity of regenerating an inductive layer which when in contact with a competent stage XIII epiblast can ...

Combustion in an incinerator occurs in two dif­ ferentiated zones: (1) the solid bed, Zone I, where the principal processes are pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion, and (2) the overbed region, Zone II, where the principal processes are flame holding and final burnup. Equations are developed to relate com­ bustion intensity in each zone independently to the average combustion rate in each zo...

SAP90/PSD-95 is thought to be a central organizer of the glutamatergic synapse postsynaptic reception apparatus. To assess its potential role during glutamatergic synapse formation, we used GFP-tagged SAP90/PSD-95, time lapse confocal microscopy, and cultured hippocampal neurons to determine its dynamic recruitment into new synaptic junctions. We report that new SAP90/PSD-95 clusters first appe...

Brain function relies on accurate information transfer at chemical synapses. At the presynaptic active zone (AZ) a variety of specialized proteins are assembled to complex architectures, which set the basis for speed, precision and plasticity of synaptic transmission. Calcium channels are pivotal for the initiation of excitation-secretion coupling and, correspondingly, capture a central positio...

Time-lapse microscopy, retrospective immunohistochemistry, and cultured hippocampal neurons were used to determine the time frame of individual glutamatergic synapse assembly and the temporal order in which specific molecules accumulate at new synaptic junctions. New presynaptic boutons capable of activity-evoked vesicle recycling were observed to form within 30 min of initial axodendritic cont...

essential oil of the orange peel which was extracted by hydrodistillation method showed 50 different mono- and sesquiterpenes on gc-ms analysis, in which limonene had the highest percentage (92.4%). due to various important uses of the compound, a method was developed for isolation and purification of limonene. in this method, for extra purification, a fractional distillation on vigreux column ...

berberine was loaded in yeast cells of saccharomyces cerevisiaeas a novel pharmaceutical carrier to improve the treatment ofmany diseases. the yeast-encapsulated active materialsshowedhigh stability and bioavailability due to the enhanced solubility and sustained releasing. in this study, different characteristics of prepared berberine loaded yeast cells (loading capacity, release kinetic order...

Synapse formation requires the organization of presynaptic active zones, the synaptic vesicle release sites, in precise apposition to postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor clusters; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these processes remain unclear. Here, we show that P/Q-type and N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) play essential roles as scaffolding proteins in th...