In the modern economic market, it is necessary for investors and decision makers to evaluate the financial situation of enterprises. For managers, analysis of statements can help to judge development prospects of enterprises, so as manage make decisions on future development direction. And get accurate business results the enterprise this year, which has important reference significance w...

In order to improve the accuracy of all kinds of information in the cash business and enhance the linkage between cash inventory forecasting and cash management information in the commercial bank, the first moving average prediction method, the second moving average prediction method, the first exponential smoothing prediction and the second exponential smoothing prediction methods are adopted ...

This paper presents a simple Excel model that provides measures of the standard deviation of forecasted internal rate of return (IRR) given traditional data inputs such as annual cash flows, terminal values and equity. The model first calculates IRR using traditional discounted cash flow methods and then provides heuristic estimates of variability measured in terms of ‘‘high,’’ ‘‘low’’ and ‘‘mo...

When disability-adjusted life years are used to measure the burden of disease on a population in a time interval, they can be calculated in several different ways: from an incidence, pure prevalence, or hybrid perspective. I show that these calculation methods are not equivalent and discuss some of the formal difficulties each method faces. I show that if we don't discount the value of future h...

The notion of “value” has always been a subjective and contentious issue. Indeed, Value is in the eye of the beholder. There are varied methods and practices for valuing property, as there are industries in which they are applied. For example, there are “replacement value”, “insurance value, “salvage value”, “appraised value”, “book value” and “fair market value”, to name a few, although in the...

A profession serves a public purpose. Consequently, an outline of the history of the actuarial profession must follow the public purposes served by actuaries in applying their basic science. The formation in London in 1762 of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorships as a mutual company, initiated a process that created a public purpose for actuaries. A mutual insurance co...

valuation is one of the main subjects in investment management which plays an important role in efficient capital allocation. valuation has become an important subject since supreme leader addressed the 44th principal of constitutional law. considering many problems which have arrised in valuation and stock pricing by privatization organization during resent years,it is essential to pay more at...

We examine the valuation performance of a comprehensive list of value drivers and find that multiples derived from forward earnings explain stock prices remarkably well: pricing errors are within 15 percent of stock prices for about half our sample. In terms of relative performance, the following general rankings are observed consistently each year: forward earnings measures are followed by his...

This survey reviews the literature on sell-side analysts’ forecasts and its implications for asset pricing. We review the literature on the supply and demand forces shaping analysts’ forecasting decisions as well as the implications of the information they produce for both the cash flow and the discount rate components of security returns. Analysts’ forecasts bring prices in line with the expec...

Constant pressure to increase return on assets has firms seeking ways to reduce their working capital costs. In the cash management area, firms are employing more sophisticated collection and disbursement systems. Cash management systems today efficiently speed up collections and, at the end of the day, sweep excess balances into money market accounts. Cash managers focus on finding the optimal...