the present paper sets out to investigate the syntactic category of persian modals, šâyad ‘perhaps’ and bâyad ‘must’. the syntactic category of the two modal elements has been viewed differently by different scholars. a number of scholars argue that both šâyad and bâyad are modal auxiliaries, while others claim that they both are modal adverbs. we propose that šâyad is a modal adverb and bâyad ...

This study discusses whether the comprehensive understanding on Arabic phrases have significant role in process of creative writing development or not. By referring to two basic genres writing, literature covers prose and poetry which their translations are easier if they constructed with models phrases. The construction is commonly used writing. Phrases when translated into other languages var...

This paper describes a representation for time relations in narrative. The time relations are based on both explicit sources of time information (e.g., adverbial expressions or tense) and inplicit sources, such as multiple reference to a single event, narrative time progression and earlier events implied by change of state words. Natural language processing is used to analyse the input text int...