Justice, in the sense of fair adjudication between conflicting claims, is held to be relevant to a wide range of issues in medical ethics. Several differing concepts of justice are briefly described, including Aristotle's formal principle of justice, libertarian theories, utilitarian theories, Marxist theories, the theory of John Rawls, and the view--held, for example, by W.D. Ross--that justi...

Abstract The roots of the controversial readings Spinoza during Soviet times date back to history Russian Marxism. was a most influential figure whom different Marxist currents and thinkers wanted have on their side. This article examines relevant interpretations. First, it sketches some fundamental traits Plekhanov’s understanding Spinoza’s ontology epistemology, from his critique German revis...

which includes the medicine of primitive peoples today, "Ancient Egypt," and "Mesopotamia." A remarkable linguist, Sigerist has used original documents most extensively. Because of language barriers, few other historians in any field could employ as wide a range of sources as Sigerist has. Moreover, he has interpreted his sources in a truly historical manner. Most histories of medicine are of t...

Western societies have developed into a historically new stage in the evolution of capitalism, one which is characterized by corporations exercising monopolistic power and sustaining demand by advertising through the media. While this theme has been emphasized e.g., by J. A. Schumpeter in Business Cycles; A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process, chapter III,...