OBJECTIVE To evaluate the implications of replacing Hong Kong's 1993 growth references (HK1993) with the World Health Organization's 2007 references (WHO2007) for children aged 6 to 18 years. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Thirty-six randomly selected primary and secondary schools in Hong Kong. PARTICIPANTS A total of 14 842 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years in Hong Kong ...

BACKGROUND Sodium intake is high in US children. Data are limited on the dietary sources of sodium, especially from birth to age 24 mo. OBJECTIVE We identified top sources of dietary sodium in US children from birth to age 24 mo. DESIGN Data from the NHANES 2003-2010 were used to examine food sources of sodium (population proportions and mean intakes) in 778 participants aged 0-5.9 mo, 914 ...

background : there has always been an asking question with physicians and health staff whether delivery mode can effect on child intelligence. this study was conducted to compare the intelligence quotient (iq) of school aged children delivered by cesarean section and vaginal delivery in mashhad, iran. methods : this study conducted in two stages; a cross-sectional section in which 5000 randomly...

a case-control study was performed by the research center of isfahan university, to determine the predisposing factors of early atherosclerosis. children of cases admitted to a university hospital in isfahan with early myocardial infarction (mi) were considered for the study. the affeckted cases (n=116), had 120 children aged 2-14 years. the control group were selected from children of the neig...

The Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII), a comprehensive response to under-vaccination among preschool-aged children, was initiated in the United States in 1993 (1). The CII established the goal of increasing vaccination coverage levels among children aged 2 years to > or = 90% by 1996 for the most critical doses of each vaccine routinely recommended for children (except hepatitis B vaccine...

Awareness of the urban population on the potential environmental and human health risks resulting from and consuming vegetables polluted with heavy metals from Msimbazi river, Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania was investigated. Results show that more than 71% of the 35 respondents use Msimbazi river as a major source of water for vegetable irrigation. High levels of chromium, lead and copper have be...

BACKGROUND Information about the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease among children in Pakistan is limited. METHODS Surveillance of bacterial meningitis among children aged <5 years was set up at 18 hospitals in southern Pakistan that fulfilled the following criteria: (1) >30 pediatric admissions weekly, (2) skilled personnel to perform lumbar punctures, and (3) close proximity to an Aga ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption has been tightly linked to weight status among older children, the data regarding these relationships in children aged 2 to 5 years have been mixed. Our objective was to evaluate longitudinal and cross-sectional relationships between SSB consumption and weight status among children aged 2 to 5 years. METHODS We asses...

KEY FINDINGS Data from the National Vital Statistics System •During 1999-2014, the cancer death rate for children and adolescents aged 1-19 years in the United States declined 20%, from 2.85 to 2.28 per 100,000 population. •The cancer death rate for males aged 1-19 years in 2014 was 30% higher than for females. •Declines in cancer death rates during 1999-2014 were experienced among both white a...

KEY FINDINGS Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey •During 2012-2013, an estimated annual average of 6.1 million physician office visits were made by children aged 4-17 years with a primary diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). •The ADHD visit rate among children aged 4-17 years was more than twice as high for boys (147 per 1,000 boys) as for girls (62 pe...