jamal–od-din al-asadabadi (1838-1897) is one of the greatest reformers in modern islamic history. he has valuable views and suggestions of advancement of the islamic world and unity among muslims, and he is one of the pioneers of the fight against despotism and colonialism. the reformer thinker has paid many attempts for the renewal of religious understanding that fits contemporary necessities....

the current study examines contradictions in muhammad mahdi al-jawahiri’s political poetry. al-jawahiri led most of his life amidst the turmoil caused by the political events and developments that iraq has undergone through different periods beginning with the 1920 revolution led by religious leaders and ending with al-ba‘th party and saddam hussein. al-jawahiri has beencontradictory in his poe...

This study aimed to develop a speaking-skill test at the B1 of CEFR, determine levels validity, reliability, and difficulty each item, organize distinguishing power item on prepared test. research was motivated by need Arabic Language Test as an evaluation activity that required for various purposes. Several universities in Indonesia have also intended existence language requirement continuing ...

The first list of insects of Al-Baha Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) was published in 2013 and contained a total of 582 species; an addendum to this list was published in 2015 adding 142 species and bringing the total number recorded from the province to 724 insect species representing 17 orders. The previous two studies excluded Jabal Shada al-A'la Nature Reserve (SANR), so the present...

Lower bounds for distributed algorithms for complete networks of processors (i.e., networks where each pair of processors is connected by a communication line) are discussed. We first show an f2(n log n) lower bound for the number of messages required by any algorithm in a given class of distributed algorithms for such networks. This class includes algorithms for problems like finding a leader ...