Background Immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis with/without conjunctivitis (AR/C) may exhibit different efficacy characteristics in patients with multiple allergen sensitizations than monosensitized patients. It has been considered that monosensitized patients may benefit more from immunotherapy than polysensitized patients. Evidence from randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trials of Timoth...

Clinical trials of intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) have been performed to overcome the limitations of long-term therapy and the local or systemic hypersensitivity reactions in conventional allergen-specific immunotherapy, including subcutaneous or sublingual immunotherapy. Additionally, several animal studies of ILIT have been conducted in the form of translational or veterinary research. W...

Treatment of AR requires a stepwise approach depending on the severity and duration of symptoms. Treatment options for AR consist of allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy, immunotherapy and surgery. For the mechanisms of AR, anti-IgE antibody and specific antibody to cytokines such as IL-4 or IL-5 that correlate with allergic inflammation have recently emerged. SLIT is currently widely used due t...