The history of malaria has been dominated by the discoveries of Ronald Ross and Giovanni Battista Grassi, and the malaria eradication campaign of the World Health Organization. Much of this has tended towards the hagiographic or celebratory, although reviews of the malaria eradication programme have become increasingly critical. Recent literature on the history of malaria has been set within a ...

A number of philosophers and writers have eloquently expressed the importance of understanding the past. “If you would understand anything, observe its beginning and its development” Aristotle “History teaches everything including the future” Alphonse Lamartine “Life must be lived forward, but it must be understood backward” Soren Kierkegaard “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to...

The vulnerability of coral reefs to climate change, such as regional warming, became fully evident during the strong 1997–1998 El Niño event. This El Niño episode was associated with elevated sea-surface temperatures and caused mass mortality throughout many of the world’s coral reefs. We analyzed the isotopic manifestation of this event in six Porites sp. coral skeletons from different localit...

The correspondence between Ronald Ross and Patrick Manson documents one of the legendary collaborations in the history of medicine and science in the nineteenth century. Their four-year collaboration (1894-1898) led to the discovery of the transmission of the plasmodia protozoa in the bite of the mosquito. With the advantage of a century of research, it is easy to look back on their achievement...

THE use of unwoven cotton fibres, in the form of cotton wool, has only been developed in orthodox surgical practice since the early part of the nineteenth century, although cotton itself was introduced into Europe over 2,000 years ago. Raw cotton, consisting of the untreated fibres of the cotton plant, was occasionally mentioned by writers in the Middle Ages as being suitable (i) for forming pa...

ALPHONSE R. BURDI and JEROME SUPERSTINE Department of Anatomy (Medical School) and School of Dentistry, University of Michzgan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA J Dent Res 56(12): 1468, December 1977. deciduous and permanent dental arches, raw order Early prenatal development of human dentitions correlations indicate a moderate association (r = through the classical stages of tooth development ca...

Greedy methods are often the only practical way of solving very large sparse approximation problems. Among such methods, Matching Pursuit (MP) is undoubtedly one of the most widely used, due to its simplicity and relatively low overhead. Since MP works sequentially, however, it is not straightforward to formulate it as a parallel algorithm, to take advantage of multi-core platforms for real-tim...

Acid 8b is available in seven steps from ketone 1. Quinone 5 represents a useful intermediate for the synthesis of anthracyclines. Disciplines Chemistry | Environmental Chemistry | Inorganic Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Other Chemistry | Polymer Chemistry Comments Reprinted (adapted) with permission from The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 50(10); 1782-1784. Doi: 10.1021/jo00210a052. Copyright...