BACKGROUND Crack pipe sharing can increase health risks among people who use drugs, yet the reasons for sharing these pipes have not been well described. Therefore, we sought to identify the prevalence and correlates of crack pipe sharing among a community-recruited sample of people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, a setting where crack pipes are provided at low or no cost. FINDINGS Data f...

Machining of advanced materials, such as composite, encounters high cutting temperatures and rapid tool wear because of the abrasive nature of the reinforcement phases in the workpiece materials. Ultrahard coatings, such as chemical vapor deposition diamond, have been used for machining such advanced materials. Wear of diamond-coated tools is characterized by catastrophic coating failure, plaus...

Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) processing facilities contain large complex networks of pipes of varying diameter and orientation intermixed with control valves, processes and sensors. Regular inspection of these pipes for corrosion, caused by impurities in the gas processing chain, is critical for safety. Popular existing non-destructive technologies that used for corrosion inspection in LNG pipes in...

Probabilistic incremental program evolution (PIPE) is a novel technique for automatic program synthesis. We combine probability vector coding of program instructions, population-based incremental learning, and tree-coded programs like those used in some variants of genetic programming (GP). PIPE iteratively generates successive populations of functional programs according to an adaptive probabi...

Infrastructure systems of many U.S. cities are in poor condition, with many assets reaching the end of their service life and requiring significant capital investments. One primary requirement to optimize the allocation of investments in such systems is an effective assessment of the physical condition of assets. This paper addresses the physical condition assessment of drinking water distribut...

The tubes and pipes manufacturing industry characterizes the mechanical properties of their products with a wide selection standards, but most them are qualitative testing methodologies. To estimate from quantitative point view there limited options in standards. In that sense, standard tensile test is preferred alternative by manufacturers, this option limits estimation for longitudinal direct...

BACKGROUND Aluminum is considered to be a relatively safe metal for humans. However, there are some reports that aluminum can be toxic to humans and animals. In order to estimate the toxicity of aluminum with respect to humans, we measured the aluminum concentration in urine of aluminum-handling and non-handling workers and investigated the relationships between their urinary aluminum concentra...

With the growing consumer demand in electronics field, sustainable and effective cooling approaches are imperative to maximize operational efficiency. Heat pipes shave a major consideration field of heat transfer modern era miniaturization equipment. In current trends, proportion custom-designed electronic chips is increasing, given space constraints application. Additionally, use nanofluids ha...

sudden pipe expansions have been known as efficient hydraulic energy dissipaters for a long time. the complex phenomenon of flow separation and velocity discontinuity at the interface of incoming jet and the recirculation flow, results in intensive shear and tensile rupture of the fluid and the associated destructive phenomenon of cavitation. this paper focuses on aeration in sudden pipe expans...

Delays in communication networks: Lets consider a bit pipe which offers a capacity of C bits/sec. Assuming we have packets of a fixed length L traversing the bit pipe with the time between packet arrivals being T. If L/C < T then the packets are moving out faster than they come in and we can use the bit pipe to its maximum capacity. However, the preceding statement is true only if L and T are d...