One of the most consistent results in the epidemiology of human breast cancer is the inverse relationship of risk and early full-term parity. The goal of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms through which early full-term pregnancy protects the breast from cancer development. We used Wistar-Furth (WF) rats as our experimental system and mimicked pregnancy using estrogen and pro...

Beginning in 2000, snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crops exhibiting virus-like symptoms on the foliage (leaf distortion, yellow and green mottling, and mosaic) were increasing in frequency on a regional scale across the northern United States and Canada (10,20). These crops also produced fewer pods or pods that were either twisted or necrotic (hence unmarketable). Across the Midwest and north...

Reverse transcriptase template switching has been invoked to explain several aspects of retroviral replication and recombination, and has been reported in vitro for the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) reverse transcriptase. During in vitro cDNA synthesis, the avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase can switch from one template to another in a homology-dependent and tempera...

The antitumor antibiotic, streptonigrin (1), was first isolated from Streptomyces flocculus1^. Later, the inhibition of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase by 1 was reported by Chirigos et al.2\ while no inhibition was observed with methyl streptonigrin (2), suggesting the importance of the carboxyl group for this activity. To confirm this aspect, the biological properties of...

We report the nucleotide sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA from REFERENCES Lactobacillus viridescens NCDO 1655 (EMBL accession no. , s F Nick] s ^ C o u l s o n A R . ( 1 9 7 7 ) Proc. Natl Acad. 5 d . USA X52568) and Lactobacillus confusus NCDO 1586 (EMBL 74,5463-5467. accession no. X52567). Nucleotide sequences were determined 2. Lane.D.J., Pace.B., Olsen.G.J., Stahl.D.A., Sogin.M.L. and Pace.N.R...

A full-length cDNA clone of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) RNA3 was prepared and sequenced. The 2,037 base sequence contains two open reading frames of 903 and 666 nucleotides that code for a 32,400 dalton protein (32.4K protein) and the 24,380 dalton coat protein, respectively. A 5'-noncoding sequence of 240 bases preceeding the 32.4K protein contains homologous regions that may have a function in...

Previous estimates of the size of the RNA genome segments of influenza virus have been unreliable because of a lack of suitable RNA species as size markers. We have attempted to overcome this problem by utilising the ability of AMV reverse transcriptase to synthesise full length DNA copies of RNA molecules in the presence of a suitable primer. By comparing such DNA copies of the RNA segments of...

Plant viruses move through plasmodesmata (PD) either as nucleoprotein complexes (NPCs) or as tubule-guided encapsidated particles with the help of movement proteins (MPs). To explore how and why MPs specialize in one mechanism or the other, we tested the exchangeability of MPs encoded by DNA and RNA virus genomes by means of an engineered alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) system. We show that Caulimov...

Lactobacillus kandleri NCDO 2753 (EMBL accession no. , Sanger.F., Nicklen,S. and Coulson.A.R. (1977)/>rOc. Ata/. Acad. Sri. USA X52570) and Lactobacillus minor NCDO 1973 (EMBL accession 74, 5463 -5467. no. X52569). Nucleotide sequences were determined directly 2. Lane,D.J., Pace,B., Olsen,G.J., Stahl,D.A., Sogin.M.L. and Pace.N.R. from rRNA by the dideoxynucleotide method (1) using AMV (1985) P...

This paper presents a methodology for design optimization of decomposed systems in the presence of uncertainties. We extend the analytical target cascading (ATC) formulation to probabilistic design by treating stochastic quantities as random variables and parameters and posing reliability-based design constraints. We model the propagation of uncertainty throughout the multilevel hierarchy of el...