A novel approach to perform photonic analog-to-digital conversion with improved bit resolution is proposed and investigated. Instead of using Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) with geometrically-scaled half-wave voltages, the MZMs in the approach have identical half-wave voltages, which greatly simplifies the implementation. To improve the bit resolution without increasing the number of MZMs, each...

An important issue in analog circuit design is the problem of digital to analog conversion, namely, the encoding of Boolean variables into a single analog value which contains enough information to reconstruct the values of the Boolean variables. A natural question is: What is the complexity of implementing the digital to analog encoding function? That question was recently answered in 5], wher...

The history of the theory and practice of quantization dates to 1948, although similar ideas had appeared in the literature as long ago as 1898. The fundamental role of quantization in modulation and analog-to-digital conversion was first recognized during the early development of pulsecode modulation systems, especially in the 1948 paper of Oliver, Pierce, and Shannon. Also in 1948, Bennett pu...

Combination of A/D-D/A converters allows implementing multiplier/divider operations. An efficient design based on continuous-time, current-mode, dividing-algorithmic converters is presented in this paper. It offers high speed and capability of low voltage operation, and it is suitable for applications of low or middle resolution (below 9 bits). In addition, the division result is given in both ...

Digital radio receivers must perform the analog-to-digital conversion of bandpass signals. For signals with small relative bandwidths, bandpass XA analog-to-digi ta l converters offer high signal-to-noise ratios at significantly lower sampling rates than are required for lowpass ZA converters, while still providing excellent linearity. A 4thorder bandpass ZA modulator implemented in a 3 pm CMOS...

This paper reviews the state of the art of single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensors for time-resolved imaging. The focus of the paper is on pixel architectures featuring small pixel size (<25 μm) and high fill factor (>20%) as a key enabling technology for the successful implementation of high spatial resolution SPAD-based image sensors. A summary of the main CMOS SPAD implementations...

Cascaded delta–sigma (MASH) modulators for higher order oversampled analog-to-digital conversion rely on precise matching of contributions from different quantizers to cancel lower order quantization noise from intermediate delta–sigma stages. This first part of the paper studies the effect of analog imperfections in the implementation, such as finite gain of the amplifiers and capacitor ratio ...

This paper presents a simple circuit technique based on commercially available devices for measuring the amplitude of transient signals. The proposed technique produces digital output proportion to the amplitude of sinusoidal analog input signal without low-pass filter. The realization method employs a peak detector, a comparator, an analog-to-digital converter, and a microcontroller. In additi...