Abstract The 1930s Hindi short story “Mugaloṃ ne saltanat bakhś dī” (“The Mughals Gave the Sultanate Away”) by self-proclaimed apolitical author Bhagavatīcaraṇ Varmā offers an alternative version of how British Crown took rule India away from Mughal Empire. An in-depth analysis this written during buildup to decolonization evaluates two different kinds what is often referred as “outside rulers”...

A living cell uses long tubular appendages for locomotion and sensory purposes. Hence, assembling maintaining a protrusion of correct length is crucial its survival overall performance. Usually the protrusions lack machinery synthesis building blocks imports them from body. What are unique features transport logistics which facilitate exchange these between protrusion? kind `rulers' `timers' do...

Abstract This article explains why Æthelflaed, ruler of Mercia, mattered to writers history in twelfth-century England. It argues that these evaluated and compared rulers based not on sex or bloodline, but the quality a ruler’s achievements relative set scale challenges faced. They thought Æthelflaed remarkable because her triumphs for Mercia distinguished from other rulers. The shows new under...

For a large class of dark energy (DE) models, for which the effective gravitational constant is a constant and there is no direct exchange of energy between DE and dark matter (DM), knowledge of the expansion history suffices to reconstruct the growth factor of linearized density perturbations in the non-relativistic matter component on scales much smaller than the Hubble distance. In this pape...

Biological rhythms are widespread, allowing organisms to temporally organize their behavior and metabolism in advantageous ways. Such proper timing of molecular and cellular events is critical to their development and health. This is best understood in the case of the circadian clock that orchestrates the daily sleep/wake cycle of organisms. Temporal rhythms can also be used for spatial organiz...

We measure the length of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) feature, and the expansion rate of the recent Universe, from low-redshift data only, almost model independently. We make only the following minimal assumptions: homogeneity and isotropy, a metric theory of gravity, a smooth expansion history, and the existence of standard candles (supernovæ) and a standard BAO ruler. The rest is det...

Molecular rulers that rely on the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism are widely used to investigate dynamic molecular processes that occur on the nanometer scale. However, the capabilities of these fluorescence molecular rulers are fundamentally limited to shallow imaging depths by light scattering in biological samples. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has recently emerged as a h...

We explore the sensitivity of an interferometer based on a quantum circuit for coherent states. We show that its sensitivity is at the Heisenberg limit. Moreover we show that this arrangement can measure very small length intervals. There exists a well known isomorphism between interferometers and basic quantum processing circuits. In particular the circuit comprising a Hadamard gate followed b...