Scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are one of the most limiting pests avocado in Antioquia Department, Colombia. The establishment management strategies to control these has been difficult because species causing damage fruit and young leaves have not identified. Selected commercial fields were surveyed at different times d for scarab beetle adults affecting small leaves, as well other p...

Identification of shocks of interest is a central problem in structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) modelling. Identification is often achieved by imposing restrictions on the impact or long-run effects of shocks or by considering sign restrictions for the impulse responses. In a number of articles changes in the volatility of the shocks have also been used for identification. The present stud...

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a statistical method that transforms set of random variables in least dependent linear combinations. Under the assumption observed data are mixtures non-Gaussian and independent processes, ICA able to recover underlying components, but scale order indeterminacy. Its application structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) models allows researcher impact shocks...