With the rapid development of railways, especially high-speed there is an increasingly urgent demand for new wireless communication system railways. Taking mature 5G technology as opportunity, 5G-railways (5G-R) have been widely regarded a solution to meet diversified demands railway communications. For design, deployment and improvement 5G-R networks, radio scenario classification plays import...

Abstract Why are railways mostly in the public sector? Interest rates define a time limit for markets. Projects with longer break-evens cannot be funded by business alone. Corporate ‘franchise’ arrangements overcome means of revenue guarantees which transfer risks to government. Innovations originate bottom-up private enterprise. Positive externalities create demand universal provision but scal...