This paper is about situation semantics and about the meaning of counterfactuals. It argues that there is a close connection between the laws of counterfactual reasoning and a relation between propositions that I want to call 'lumping'. Capturing this relation seems to require a component of semantic interpretation which recognizes parts of possible worlds (situations) as primitives and implies...

Background: In many clinical situations, knowledge of central venous pressure (CVP) is important.  Measurement of CVP is not always possible. Objective: To determine if intraocular pressure (IOP) can be used as an estimate for CVP. Methods: IOP and CVP were measured concurrently in 30 candidates of coronary artery bypass graft surgery.  Those with carotid artery or jugular venous diseases as we...

Average values of< 1- T >where T is the thrust are presented for e: e: AMY data and are compared with their values in hadronic interactions. As far as possible, similar analysis techniques have been employed in the two different interactions. Similar variation with E is observed for this average in both data. The values of < PT> and < PL > relative to the thrust axis in e e are simila...

Microalgal growth curve, after the exponential phase, shows a stationary phase where algalbiomass production is inhibited and remains constant by some factors such as nutrientdepletion and intrinsic behavior. The present study is concerned with evaluating effects ofthe culture medium condition and intrinsic behavior on biomass production by Dunaliellatertiolecta. To this end, effect of pH, nutr...

Modal logic is the foundation for a versatile and well-established class of knowledge representation formalisms in artificial intelligence. Enriching modal logics with non-monotonic reasoning capabilities such as preferential reasoning as developed by Lehmann and colleagues would therefore constitute a natural extension of such KR formalisms. Nevertheless, there is at present no generally accep...

In our article (Weisberg & Gopnik, 2013), we construct a unifying theory of imaginative processes, in which counterfactuals and pretend games share an underlying cognitive capacity. This theory allows us to explain why children pretend, why they create fantastical pretend worlds, and how pretend play and counterfactual reasoning can help children to learn about the causal structure of reality. ...

Terminological knowledge representation formalisms can be used to represent objective, time-independent facts about an application domain. Notions like belief, intentions, and t ime which are essential for the representation of mult i-agent environments can only be expressed in a very l imi ted way. For such not i ons, modal logics w i th possible worlds semantics provides a formal ly well-foun...

Is the universe computable? If so, it may be much cheaper in terms of information requirements to compute all computable universes instead of just ours. I apply basic concepts of Kolmogorov complexity theory to the set of possible universes, and chat about perceived and true randomness, life, generalization, and learning in a given universe.

Chalmers’s philosophical work exploits a distinctive version of two-dimensionalism, a formal modal framework from the 1960s and 1970s that one can use to define two kinds of possible worlds semantic values. Chalmers presents this as the best form of a Fregean account of content. One of the principal aims of Constructing the World is to provide its metaphysical foundations. Chalmers presents him...

In 1991, Michael Gelfond introduced the language of epistemic specifications. The goal was to develop tools for modeling problems that require some form of meta-reasoning, that is, reasoning over multiple possible worlds. Despite their relevance to knowledge representation, epistemic specifications have received relatively little attention so far. In this paper, we revisit the formalism of epis...