Male factor is the sole reason or a component for infertility in 20 and 30% of cases respectively. Medical treatment is preferred for patients with testicular failure due to endocrine or exocrine diseases. Although the infertility may be due to a pathology in the hypothalamic- pituitary axis, the majority of the cases occurs as results of testicular failure. In general medical treatment modalit...

The usage of nanoparticles became inevitable in medicine and other fields when it was found that they could be administered to hosts act as oxidants or antioxidants. These oxidative pro-oxidants induce stress-mediated toxicity through the generation free radicals. Some can antioxidants scavenge these radicals help maintaining normal metabolism. oxidant antioxidant properties rely on various fac...

1. Advantages of Chemical Redox Agents 878 2. Disadvantages of Chemical Redox Agents 879 C. Potentials in Nonaqueous Solvents 879 D. Reversible vs Irreversible ET Reagents 879 E. Categorization of Reagent Strength 881 II. Oxidants 881 A. Inorganic 881 1. Metal and Metal Complex Oxidants 881 2. Main Group Oxidants 887 B. Organic 891 1. Radical Cations 891 2. Carbocations 893 3. Cyanocarbons and ...

gem-dihydroperoxides as nearly stable peroxidic derivatives of aldehydes and ketones are known important intermediates in synthesis of anti-malaria drugs. also, because containing high concentration of peroxidic oxygen, recently, some of these compounds have been used as solid, efficient and powerful oxidants in many oxidation organic reactions. generally, these compounds are synthesized via pe...