Abstract As environmental problems become more apparent, manufacturers need to balance considerations with economic activities. This is where closed-loop supply chains are gaining attention. However, in addition demand fluctuations, which a problem conventional chains, circular chain unstable terms of supply, end-of-life products collected and reused. destabilizes not only excess inventory shor...

background: in-depth knowledge of antibiotic principles is widely considered a necessary condition for appropriate prescribing of antibiotics. the study aimed at determining the impact of healthcare providers’ level of knowledge in bacteriology and principles of antibiotic prescribing on their abilities to prescribe antibiotics appropriately. methods: a structured questionnaire survey targeting...