Abstract The conditions experienced by one plant generation can influence the growth of offspring generation. These maternal effects reduce performance foliar-feeding insects, through accumulation defences. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inhabit roots plants and are known to insects. However, all published studies interactions between insects AMF have taken place within generation, but none...

Abstract Mycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis between some plant species and diverse group of soil fungi. Mycorrhizal categorized into discrete types based on the structural differences taxonomic position involved plants The main mycorrhiza include arbuscular, ericoid, orchid, monotropoid ectomycorrhiza, latter being focus this review. Identifying ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) crucial for unders...

Biotrophic microbes feeding on plants must obtain carbon from their hosts without killing the cells. The symbiotic Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonizing plant roots do so by inducing major transcriptional changes in the host that ultimately also reprogram the whole carbon partitioning of the plant. AM fungi obtain carbohydrates from the root cortex apoplast, in particular from the periar...

introduction in recent years, by increasing human knowledge and using different technology on food production, human concerns have increased on safety of food products especially medicinal crops. in order to achieve healthy food production, application of ecological inputs such as organic and biological fertilizers are inevitable. organic fertilizers are fertilizer compounds that contain one or...