IBBON, working at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, developed the heart-lung machine and achieved the first successful clinical use in 1953. (1) In less than fifty years, heart surgery has evolved to a point at which the cardiac surgeon can repair a large variety of congenital lesions, and where a series of spare parts is available, including artificial blood vessels, valves, and pacem...

The importance of developing artificial media that can be used in the place of serum for maintaining the life of tissues and organs outside the body hardly needs to be emphasized. Many of the studies for which the organ culture technique 1 was developed, as well as others that can be carried on by the simpler methods of tissue culture, depend for their success on the creation of suitable artifi...

BACKGROUND The design of new technologies for treatment of human disorders such as protein deficiencies is a complex and difficult task. Particularly, the construction of artificial organs, based on the immunoisolation of protein-secreting cells, requires the use of suitable materials which have to be biocompatible with the immunoisolated cells and avoid any inappropriate host response. METHO...

Large bone defects naturally regenerate via a highly vascularized tissue which progressively remodels into cartilage and bone. Current approaches in bone tissue engineering are restricted by delayed vascularization and fail to recapitulate this stepwise differentiation toward bone tissue. Here, we use the morphogen Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) to induce the in vitro organization of an endothelial capil...

majority of imamiye jurists believe that in organs nemesis (or tarf nemesis)equality of both organs in healthy is necessary. they say that healthy organ vis-àvisunhealthy organ is not retribution. however in the opposite case, they has notcommitted to this judgment. scilicet, they say that unhealthy organ vis-à-vishealthy organ is retribution.the legislator in the islamic penal code (approved13...

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease that can lead to multi-organ malfunctioning in patients due non-regulated diabetes. Recent advancements machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence, the early detection diagnosis of DM more advantageous than manual through an automated process. It this review, DM’s recognition, self-management techniques from six facets, namely datasets, involved pre-pr...