the arguments for the immobility and centricity of the earth in the islamic astronomical literature are mostly found in the hayʾa books. the reason is that these books treat of mathematical cosmology on the basis of solid spheres and the earth's position with respect to them. these arguments, which are rooted in ptolemy's almagest, are based on observation and some pre-suppositions. i...

Rational Choice Theory (RCT) is, without question, one of the most important accounts of how we make decisions; despite this, though, its plausibility has been vigorously debated over many years. A recent innovation in this debate has been to appeal to evolutionary theory: both defenders and critics of RCT have come to build their positions in essential ways on evolutionary biological considera...

The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the claims that income tax progressivity should be necessarily related ability-to-pay principle and prescription graduated rates – what would narrow scope action legislator. Starting from justification its critics, faces these arguments focusing on form in which was constitutionally prescribed aims demonstrate effects society taxpayers’ behavio...

ash'ari and the moste of mu'tazilite blive on the people must determine imam. based on their interpretation of this, there is two facts: first, the legal obligation is the religious necessity, not rational necessity, and secondly it is a task people not duty to god in this article we have tried to show the shi'te arguments on determine imam is a duty to god not people. such as: 1...

This paper builds upon the arguments advanced by Johnson and Frombgen in “Race Emergence of Populist Nationalism United States” (2009). made three central arguments: that US is two nations, not one; racial attitudes are to each national identity, social movements a populist character have critically shaped identity. They then offered typology left right identities, which had been movements. see...

one of the disputable challenges inside iran is that does iran has a clear and specific military strategy? there are two different answers to this question. one grope argues that iran not only has had military strategy before iran revolution (1979) but also it has now. the second grope believe that in spite of making army and modern government in iran, there is no national security strategy doc...