For quantitative determination of lignin, we have invasive (gravimetric determination i. e. ASTM, TAPPI, SCAN) and non-invasive methods on our disposal. Invasive methods are not suitable for historical documents. On the other hand, several spectroscopic techniques are in use, based on IR and UV spectroscopy. The absorption of light of λ > 300 310 nm by pure cellulose is minimal and most UVspect...

In the petrochemical industry, certain elements are known to impact the performance and value of the final product, while others have detrimental effects on petroleum refining processes, as in the case of elements which can deactivate or poison catalysts. Consequently, there are several ASTM methods on the elemental analysis of oils, lubricants and fuels. Multi-Element Analysis of Petroleum Cru...

The importance of steel in manufacturing and construction over the past century cannot be over-emphasized easy accessibility couple with excellent mechanical properties make it preferable others. However, problem durability has posed a serious concern as majority application are meant for long term use. Several attempts have been made to improve increase carbon content low was found suitable ag...

There is a need for reliable and fast means of monitoring refining, conversion, and upgrading processes aiming to increase the yield of light distillates, and thus, reducing the oil barrel bottoms. By simultaneously utilizing the FID and mass selective detectors while splitting the column effluent in a controlled way, it is possible to obtain identical gas chromatograms and total ion chromatogr...

Effects of nano-wollastonite (NW) on physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboard (MDF) were studied. NW was applied at 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg dry weight basis of wood fibers; the results were then compared with control specimens. Two application methods of NW were used: surface and internal applications. Density was kept constant at 0,67 g/cm3 for all treatments and tests we...

Terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) are a class of 3D imaging systems that produce a 3D point cloud by measuring the range and two angles to a point. The fundamental measurement of a TLS is range. Relative range error is one component of the overall range error of TLS and its estimation is therefore an important aspect in establishing metrological traceability of measurements performed using these...