The present report studies synoptic-scale variations of the polar air-mass transformed over the Japan Sea, during the ‘‘East Japan Sea Observation’’ in the winters of 1976 and 1977. Rawinsonde observation data at a research vessel are used, in addition to data at operational upper observation stations and the objective analysis data. The multi-layer structure of the transformed air-mass, includ...

[1] A 2-year record of mixed layer measurements of CO2 partial pressure (pCO2), nitrate, and other physical, chemical, and biological parameters at a time series site in the northeast Atlantic Ocean (49 N/16.5 W) is presented. The data show average undersaturation of surface waters with respect to atmospheric CO2 levels by about 40 ± 15 matm, which gives rise to a perennial CO2 sink of 3.2 ± 1....

The coupled ocean–atmosphere–ice response to variations in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is examined in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Coupled Climate Model (version 2). The model shows considerable skill in capturing the predominantly zonally symmetric SAM while regional deviations between model and observation SAM winds go a long way in explaining the generall...

The subpolar North Atlantic is a site of significant carbon dioxide, oxygen, and heat exchange with the atmosphere. This exchange, which regulates transient climate change prevents large-scale hypoxia throughout Atlantic, thought to be mediated by vertical mixing in ocean's surface mixed layer. Here we present observational evidence that waters deeper than conventionally defined layer are affec...

A new technique for ascertaining the thermodynamic cloud phase from high-spectral-resolution ground-based infrared measurements made by the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) is presented. This technique takes advantage of the differences in the index of refraction of ice and water between 11 and 19 mm. The differences in the refractive indices translate into differences in clou...

[1] Simulations of mixed-phase clouds in forecasts with the NCAR Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3) and the GFDL Atmospheric Model version 2 (AM2) for the MixedPhase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE) are performed using analysis data from numerical weather prediction centers. CAM3 significantly underestimates the observed boundary layer mixed-phase cloud fraction and cannot realistically simulate...

The long duration of the 2010 Eyjajallajökull eruption provided a unique opportunity to measure a widely dispersed volcanic ash cloud. Layers of volcanic ash were observed by the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network with a mean depth of 1.2 km and standard deviation of 0.9 km. In this paper we evaluate the ability of the Met Office’s Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment (NA...

The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o The long-standing explanation of the triggering cause of the surface increase of phytoplankton visible in spring satellite images argues that phytoplankton biomass accumulation begins once the mixed layer depths become shallower than a 'cri...

Modeling of the x-ray spectra of the Galactic superluminal jet sources GRS 1915+105 and GRO J1655-40 reveals a three-layered atmospheric structure in the inner region of their accretion disks. Above the cold and optically thick disk with a temperature of 0.2 to 0.5 kiloelectron volts, there is a warm layer with a temperature of 1.0 to 1.5 kiloelectron volts and an optical depth around 10. Somet...

Early stages in the development of the inversioncapped atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) were studied by means of numerical large eddy simulation (LES) in conjunction with data from the University of Karlsruhe (UniKa) wind tunnel model of the atmospheric CBL (Fedorovich et al. 1996, 2001). The LES experiments were conducted for two CBL flow types. The first investigated type was the s...