An overview is presented of the common and uncommon diseases of the inner ear and of the cochleovestibular nerve within the internal acoustic meatus and cerebellopontine angle cistern causing sensorineural deafness.An imaging-pattern-based approach is used to help detect disease and narrow the differential diagnosis. Main Messages • The most common s...

Sickle cell anemia results from a single amino acid substitution in the gene encoding the β-globin subunit. Polymerization of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin leads to decreased deformability of red blood cells. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a common thyroid disease now recognized as an auto-immune thyroid disorder, it is usually thought to be haemolytic autoimmune anemia. We report the case of a 32...

T regulatory cell is a very particular type of that plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis and peripheral tolerance. The Treg (T cell) CD4+ has many mechanisms to create immune tolerance by effecting B cells. They are for the control tumour immunity, micro biome, organ transplants, allergy course self-tolerance. There also times where Tregs fail whether decrease population, no recog...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is an autoimmune disease in which auto-reactive t cells react with self-antigens expressed in the central nervous system (cns). the main cause of ms is unknown. nonetheless, the most probable theory is based on molecular mimicry, which suggests that some infections can activate t cells against brain auto-antigens like myelin proteolipid protein (plp) and initiate the dis...

A decline in immune responsiveness with age has been well documented (1-10). It is known that the B cell function of aged mice is relatively more intact than T cell function, at least quantitatively. Qualitative differences in B cell function do exist, including a decreased affinity of antibody produced by cells from old mice (3) and an enhanced tendency to produce autoantibodies (1). In a prev...