Background: About 15% of couples worldwide suffer from infertility problem that half of these cases are related to male infertility. Spermatogenesis is a cumulative process and thousands of genes are involved in it. Change in one of these genes or their products can cause male infertility. Tex11 is a germ cell specific gene that is located on the X chromosome (Xq13.1 region). This gene was iden...

Male infertility affects approximately 2-7% of couples around the world. Over one in ten men who seek help at infertility clinics are diagnosed as severely oligospermic or azoospermic. Recent extensive molecular studies have revealed that deletions in the azoospermia factor region of the long arm of the Y chromosome are associated with severe spermatogenic impairment (absent or severely reduced...

In order to assess whether intratesticular hormone content may be helpful for prediction of successful conception in men with fertility problems, five sex steroids, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, estradiol and, for the first time epitestosterone, were measured in testicular tissue obtained by surgical retrieval from total 84 men. The group consisted of non-obstructive azoos...

A number of studies have indicated that testicular macrophages play an important role in regulating steroidogenesis of Leydig cells and maintain homeostasis within the testis. The current paper deals with macrophages (CD68 positive cells) and Leydig cells in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Methods employed included histological analysis on semi- and ultrathin sections, immunohis...

Dear Editor, Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), a flagellated protozoan parasite emerged as one of the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infections worldwide, often inhabits the vagina, urethra, prostate, and epididymis.1 It has been estimated that there are more than 170 million new cases of T. vaginalis infections per year worldwide. However, current knowledge of T. vaginalis and t...

Sialic acid of seminal fluid of eighty two human subjects has been studied in relation to infertility. Normozoospermic group had highest sialic acid content (94 mgm/100 mt of the fluid) and was sign ificantly different from other groups. The lowest sialic acid level was observed: n necrozoosperm ic group (54 mgm/1 00 mt of the fluid). Azoospermic (62 mgm/100 ml) and vasectomised group (73 mgm/1...