Backward blocking (BB) and interference between cues (IbC) are cue competition effects produced by very similar manipulations. In a standard BB design both effects might occur simultaneously, which implies a potential problem to study BB. In the present study with humans, the magnitude of both effects was compared using a non causal scenario and a within subjects design. Previous studies have m...

2 AI in a New Millenium: Obstacles & Opportunities 2 2.1 AI as both Science and Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.2 Difficulties and how to address them. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.3 Institutional and financial obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.4 Failing to see problems: ontological blindness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.4.1 What...

In this paper we introduce two improvements to the method of verification of hybrid systems by constraint propagation based abstraction refinement that we introduced earlier. The first improvement improves the recursive propagation of reachability information over the regions constituting the abstraction, and the second improvement reasons backward from the set of unsafe states, instead of forw...

A backward chaining process uses a collection of rules to reduce a given goal to a sequence of database retrievals. A \derivation strategy" is an ordering on these steps, specifying when to use each rule and when to perform each retrieval. Given the costs of reductions and retrievals, and the a priori likelihood that each particular retrieval will succeed, one can compute the expected cost of a...

Model transformations are key elements of Model Driven Engineering. Cur-rent challenges for transformation languages include improving usability (i.e.,succinct means to express the transformation intent) and devising powerfulanalysis methods.In this paper, we show how backwards reasoning helps in both respects.The reasoning is based on a method that, given an OCL expression ...

Arithmetic circuits arise in the context of weighted logic programming languages, such as Datalog with aggregation, or Dyna. A weighted logic program defines a generalized arithmetic circuit— the weighted version of a proof forest, with nodes having arbitrary rather than boolean values. In this paper, we focus on finite circuits. We present a flexible algorithm for efficiently querying node val...

One of the most popular methods of knowledge representation are the fuzzy rules. One of the ways of representation of fuzzy rules is the functional representation. From over eight decades a number of different fuzzy implications have been described, e.g. [5]-[9]. This leads to the following question: how to choose the proper function among basic fuzzy implications. This paper is a continuation ...

This paper considers the application of knowledge based techniques to the automatic interpretation of line drawing images and describes progress in the development of a practical system which, although not fully automatic, provides a framework for approaching that goal through a diminishing level of operator intervention. This is achieved using a knowledge bascd system which cooperates with a c...

We study the error induced by the time discretization of a decoupled forwardbackward stochastic differential equations (X,Y,Z). The forward component X is the solution of a Brownian stochastic differential equation and is approximated by a Euler scheme XN with N time steps. The backward component is approximated by a backward scheme. Firstly, we prove that the errors (Y N −Y,ZN −Z) measured in ...

Inspired by a concrete industry problem we consider the input synthesis problem for hybrid systems: given a hybrid system that is subject to input from outside (also called disturbance or noise), find an input sequence that steers the system to the desired postcondition. In this paper we focus on sampled data systems—systems in which a digital controller interrupts a physical plant in a periodi...