Standard microeconomic theory proves that, when a externality occurs, the solution of the social cost problem requires that the producers face an additional cost identical to the marginal damage caused by them at the efficient level of the externality. Pigouvian taxes, and adequately designed property rights markets, are both political instruments to put this theory into practice. Nevertheless,...

Ecosystem recovery from anthropogenic disturbances, either without human intervention or assisted by ecological restoration, is increasingly occurring worldwide. As ecosystems progress through recovery, it is important to estimate any resulting deficit in biodiversity and functions. Here we use data from 3,035 sampling plots worldwide, to quantify the interim reduction of biodiversity and funct...

fatigue is one of the most frequent symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (ms) and it is difficult to clarify the nature of this symptom and manage it. this study was aimed to evaluate the frequency of fatigue, depression and sleep disturbances in iranian patients with ms. 100 patients from the outpatient ms clinic of sina hospital were asked to complete beck depression inventory (bdi), ...

In the present work we follow the breakdown of pairs of counter-rotating vortices (CVP) and the consequence formation of packets of hairpins in uniform shear flows. We employ a recent developed method which is capable of following (numerically) the evolution of finite-amplitude localized vortical disturbances embedded in shear flows. The solution is carried out using Lagrangian variables in Fou...

The acute effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) on the release of prolactin (PRL) were investigated in 12 normal cycling women and 42 women with various menstrual disorders. LHRH (100 micrograms) was bolusly injected intramuscularly and PRL levels were measured immediately before the injection and at 30 minutes and 60 minutes after the injection. LHRH elicited an increase of m...

Substance use is common among adolescents. Although substance use may be a manifestation of experimentation in adolescent development, it may have more serious implications. It may be an indicator of emotional disturbance, or may be associated with several other health risk behaviours in adolescence. Substance use may also progress to harmful levels that can have a significant impact on a young...